英特尔细节比特币采矿芯片
英特尔已经开发了一个用于比特币采矿的7NM芯片，本周在Esscc会议上首次详细介绍了系统设计。
使用BonanzaMine芯片,比特币矿业system delivers a hash-rate of 40THash/s in a thermal design power envelope of 3600W.
A bitcoin is currently worth over €31,000, produced using the compute-intensive SHA256 double hash process as proof-of-work. The one-way property of SHA256 requires a brute force search by sweeping a 32b random input value called nonce. The 232 nonce space search results in energy-intensive pool operations distributed on high-throughput mining systems, executing parallel nonce searches.
This has led to farms of GPUs or ASICs using low cost electricity to generate hash chain to earn a share of the bitcoins as they are released in blocks.
每个Bonanzamine ASIC由258个采矿发动机组成，这些发动机通过Anon-Die 8B慢速总线编程，以计算平行SHA256双哈希。采矿发动机贡献了90％的死亡区域，并以355mv的极低电压运行。模具底部的一个缺口区域包含高压（750mV）电路，包括PLL，电压/热传感器以及UART/JTAG控制逻辑，通过电压级变速器将I/O处理为发动机。
The BonanzaMine system is a self-contained unit composed of 4 hash boards, an Intel FPGA-based control unit, programmable power supply and four fans, delivering a hash-rate of 40THash/s under a thermal design power envelope of 3600W.
Each hash board houses 75 mining ASICs organized as three 25-deep voltage stacks with ganged stack-voltages, along with a microcontroller that manages power-on and thermal/stack-voltage monitoring. The ASICs are daisy-chained with a 10Mb/s UART serial link that delivers mining payloads and outputs to/from the control unit.
The control unit hosts the mining daemon running on an ARM Cortex core to deploy mining workloads, program on-die PLLs for frequency-control and verify hash results to/from the individual ASICs over the UART link. The control unit also communicates with mining pools over an Ethernet link.
Built in a 7nm process, the BonanzaMine die measures 14.16mm2 and is packaged in 7×7.5mm2 exposed die molded FCLGA 132-ball package (Fig. 21.3.7). ASICs operate at 1.35 to 1.6GHz at 355mV, 75°C, generating 116 to 137GHash/s with average power consumption of 7.5W, resulting in energy-efficiency of 55J/THash.
系统固件使用定期测试模式在运行时识别和关闭故障发动机，从而通过以较高频率（1.6GHz）操作剩余的良好发动机来提高15％的性能。采矿系统利用这种能力在可变的能源成本方案中运行，通过在高性能，平衡和节省的模式之间切换，能量效率为54至60J/thas
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